CROP PRODUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT
CLASS – VIII
AGRICULTURE
Growing plants and
receiving animals for food ,
clothing, and other useful
products is called
agriculture.CROPS
A large scale cultivation of same plants on
the same piece of land are called CROPS
Wheat
RiceKHARIF CROPS
• They grow in rainy season
• Need lot of water to grow
• Grow from June to October
Rice
Groundnut
CottonRABI CROPS
• They are grown in winters
• Need sufficient water to grow
• They grow from October to March
Wheat
Potato
GramAGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
Activities taken by farmers in a particular sequence over
a period of time to cultivate a good crop.
TYPES OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
i) Preparation of Soil
ii) Sowing
iii) Adding manure and fertilizers
iv) Irrigation
v) Protection from weeds
vi) Harvesting
vii) Storage1. Preparation of Soil
Step 1. Ploughing/ Tilling
The process of loosening and turning of soil with the help of plough.
Step 2. Levelling
The ploughed land is levelled and pressed lightly with the
help of wooden planks called LEVELLERS.Advantages of Ploughing Soil
•To improve circulation of air in the soil so that roots of
crops and microbes can breathe.
•Helps the roots to penetrate deep
•Helps in removing weeds.
Agricultural Implements
•Plough
•Cultivator
•Harvester
•Combine Machine
•Sickle
•Trowel2.Sowing
• Process of placing seeds in the soil
• Good quality seeds should be selected for sowing
• Should be sown by seed drilling
• Should be sown at proper distance and proper depth
• Should be properly covered with soil
IMPORTANCE OF SOWING SEEDS CORRECTLY
To prevent competition between seeds for nutrients, water, space and
sunlight and also prevent over crowding TRANSPLANTATION
Process of sowing the
seeds in a nursery and
then transferring the
seedlings into the
main field.
PADDY CHILLYMANURE AND FERTILIZERS
MANURE
•It is organic matter
•Made in fields
•Does not cause soil pollution
•Increases water holding
capacity of soil
FERTILIZERS
•They are inorganic salts
•Made in factories
•Cause soil pollution
•Does not increase water
holding capacity of soil REPLENISHING THE NUTRIENTS
IN THE SOIL
• By crop rotation (growing pulses
and cereals alternatively)
•By leaving the field uncultivated
for some time(field fallow)
•By growing pulse or legumes ROLE OF RHIZOBIUM BACTERIA IN SOIL
FERTILITY
It is present in the root nodules of pulses or legumes. It
converts atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate and make
the soil rich.IRRIGATION
It is the process of supplying water to the crop fields
IRRIGATION DEPENDS ON:
•Type of Soil
•Type of Crop
•Type of Season
SOURCES OF IRRIGATION
•Wells
•Tube well
•River
•LakeTRADITIONAL METHODS OF IRRIGATION
* Traditional methods are cheap but less efficientMODERN METHODS OF IRRIGATION
SPRINKLER- It is a system in which
fields are irrigated with the help
of perpendicular pipes having
rotating nozzle on top.
DRIP IRRIGATION- Drop wise
water reaches the roots through
holes in the pipes.
ADVANTAGES:
•It is efficient
•It helps conserve water in areas
like desertsWEEDS
They are unwanted plants that grow along with the
crops in the field. For example: Sun hemp
WEEDING: It is the removal of weeds
METHODS:
•Manually by uprooting
•By trowel or Khurpi
•By spraying weedicides
like 2,4-D
IMPORTANCE:
•They compete with main crop for nutrients, water space etc.
•They may be poisonous for animals and humansHARVESTING, THRESHING AND WINNOWING
HARVESTING:
It is the cutting of crop when
matured
It can be done by sickle, harvester,
combine machine
THRESHING:
It is the process of separating
grains from plants
It can be done by thresher or
combine machine
WINNOWING:
It is the process of separating husk
from grains using windCROP STORAGE
FACTORS DAMAGING CROPS:
Biotic Factors- Rat, insects, microbes, etc.
Abiotic Factors- Temperature, humidity, etc.
Steps for Storing Grains:
1. Sun dried and then shade dried
2. Grains are filled in gunny bags or silos
3. Dried Neem leaves can be put in grains
Effect of damage caused during storage:
•Change in colour
•Smell
•Poor quality
•Poor market valueANIMAL HUSBANDRY
It is a branch of science which deals with the large
scale rearing and taking care of animals.
For example:
Cows and buffaloes for Milk
Honey bees for Honey
Hen and Ducks for Egg